Post Date December, 03 2023
Urinary routine examination is not only a common examination method for patients with kidney disease, but also an auxiliary analysis tool for certain other diseases. Many patients feel uncomfortable and often go to the hospital for routine urine tests to check for proteinuria and other conditions to prevent kidney disease. However, some patients may not understand the results after the examination. Now, let's simply analyze the results of routine urine tests.
It is best for patients with kidney disease to undergo morning urine examination. The urine sample should be taken from the middle section: that is, a portion of the urine should be expelled first to flush out the bacteria left at the urethral opening and anterior urethra, and then the middle section of the urine should be taken for examination.
Analysis of urine routine examination results
Non urinary factors should not be brought into the urine too carefully: for example, female patients should not mix with vaginal discharge and menstrual blood, and male patients should not mix with frontline glandular fluid. The color and tension of normal urine are caused by urinary pigment, and its daily excretion is approximately constant. Therefore, the depth of urine color changes with urine volume. Normal urine is grass yellow, and abnormal urine color can change due to factors such as food, medication, pigments, and blood. Normal and strange urine, except for slightly turbid urine in women, is mostly clear and transparent. If arranged for too long, mild turbidity may occur. This is due to changes in the acidity and alkalinity of the urine, and the gradual precipitation of mucin, nuclear protein, and other substances in the urine.
If there are abnormal cases during urine examination, it is necessary to cherish them in a timely manner and actively seek medical attention to investigate the possibility of kidney disease.
Now, the urine routine inspection usually includes 10 items: PRO (protein), RLD or ERY (red blood cell), LEU (white blood cell) tension is used to diagnose nephritis, kidney stones, urinary tract infection and other diseases, SG (specific gravity), PH (pH) is used to evaluate the results of renal tubules (concentration results and acidification results), GLU (glucose) is used to check the results of renal tubules and diabetes, and NIT (nitrite) positive shows that there is bacterial infection in the urinary tract, KET (ketone body) is used to invent diabetes ketoacidosis and hunger state, BIL (urinary bilirubin) and UBG (urinary bilirubin quality) are used to subsidize the inspection of jaundice, and to identify hemolytic, hepatocyte and obstructive jaundice. It should be noted that there is an error in the RLD and LEU measured by automatic urine analyzers, and as usual, manual microscopy is used as the standard in major municipal hospitals.
Urine volume (Vol)
Under normal circumstances, a normal adult urinates 0.8 to 2.0 liters of urine day and night (24 hours). But the amount of water consumed, activity, sweating, and temperature can all affect urine output;
A diurnal urine volume greater than 2500 milliliters indicates polyuria, a urine volume less than 400 milliliters indicates oliguria, a urine volume less than 100 milliliters or complete absence of urine within 12 hours indicates anuria, and a urine volume greater than 500 milliliters and a urine specific gravity less than 1.018 indicate an increase in nocturia.
Specific gravity (SG)
Check the specific gravity of urine
The specific gravity of 24-hour urine in normal individuals is around 1.015, often fluctuating between 1.010 and 1.025 due to the influence of diet, activity, sweating, etc. The range of random urine specific gravity fluctuations is 1.005 to 1.030;
When the proportion of miscellaneous urine increases within 24 hours, it can be seen in high fever dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, and incomplete cardiac function. The specific gravity of urine in patients with proteinuria and diabetes also increased. 24 hour low proportion of miscellaneous urine can be seen in cases of decreased kidney concentration, such as diabetes insipidus and chronic nephritis. When measuring a random urination with no protein or sugar in the urine, if the specific gravity is ≥ 1.025, it indicates normal kidney concentration results, and if the specific gravity is ≤ 1.005, it indicates normal kidney dilution results. If it is firmly around 1.010, it is called isotonic urine. It is caused by damage to the renal parenchyma and low kidney concentration and dilution results
Transparency (Clr)
Strange urine is clear and transparent without sediment. After a period of time, flocculent deposits may appear, especially in female urine;
When urine is squeezed out, it becomes turbid. It is often caused by white blood cells, epithelial cells, mucus, microorganisms, etc., and needs to be identified through microscopic examination. In a few patients, the precipitation of amorphous phosphates and other substances in the urine also makes the urine turbid, which has no clinical significance;
Urinary white blood cells (granulocyte lipase LEU)
Indicators of bacterial infection in the urinary system;
Qualitative test: negative
Very suggestive of the possibility of urinary tract infection;
Acid alkali response (pH)
Normal strange urine is mostly weakly acidic, with a pH of around 6. O. Due to the influence of food, the pH often fluctuates between 5. O and 8. O;
In cases of febrile diseases, excessive sweating, and high protein analysis, especially in cases of acidosis, urine acidity increases and becomes strongly acidic, with a decrease in pH. When taking drugs such as ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, and dilute hydrochloric acid, urine also becomes acidic. When alkalosis occurs, there is a large amount of pus and blood mixed in the urine. When taking alkaline drugs such as soda, the urine becomes alkaline and the pH increases;
